methods mycobacterium tuberculosis standard strain crbip7.11 was cultured at 37°c in loewenstein johnson (lj) media for 3-4 weeks. to confirm the species, standard microbiological and biochemical tests were performed. after preparation of membrane vesicles, the amount of protein in membrane vesicles was measured by sds-page and nanodrop. to analyze the integrity and morphology of extracellular ...

conclusions the results showed that the extracted omvs were conformationally stable, and there were no pyrogenic determinants in omv. also the results showed that the omv elicited high level of specific antibodies against n. meningitidis serogroup a. these results indicate that the omv obtained here, can be used as a meningococcal vaccine after further investigation. materials and methods omvs ...

Engineered Extracellular Vesicles In article number 2204031, Jing Zhao, Guodong Yang, Angang and co-workers develop an extracellular vesicle-based GSDMD-N mRNA delivery system (EVTx), in which is encapsulated inside the vesicle, HER2 antibody displayed on surface, sonosensitizer Ce6 incorporated into membrane. When endocytosed by HER2+ cancer cells, EVTx efficiently induces pyroptosis thus enha...

DNA origami nanopore with large size of a 10 nm square, equipping tunable lid, enables size-selective molecular transportation through the lipid membrane giant vesicle.

Unconventional protein export/secretion (UPE/UPS), in contrast to the classical ER-Golgi-dependent of proteins with a leader sequence (signal peptide), employs multiple means release leaderless cargoes (and some special cases, sequence) extracellular space. By far, two major types UPE have been classified, vesicle-independent and vesicle-dependent UPE. In former, can directly tr...

membrane/ protein trafficking in the secretory/ biosynthetic and endocytic pathways is mediated by vesicles. vesicle trafficking in eukaryotes is regulated by a class of small monomeric gtpases the rab protein family. rab proteins represent the largest branch of the ras superfamily gtpases, and have been concerned in a variety of intracellular vesicle trafficking and different intracellular sig...

Observing basic biological phenomenon in prokaryotic organisms encounter many complications and challenges. With the advancement of synthetic biology recent years, several cell-mimicking tools have emerged. Hence, need to engineer robust models that could assist bottom up research has become more demanding. Currently Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are becoming most preferred approach. In thi...

Eukaryotic cells adhere to extracellular matrix during the normal development of organism, forming static adhesion as well cell motility. We study this process by considering a simplified coarse-grained model vesicle that has uniform energy with flat substrate, mobile-curved membrane proteins and active forces. find high concentration curved alone increases spreading vesicle, self-organization ...

At the heart of synaptic transmission resides the synaptic vesicle cycle – a membrane trafficking pathway in which small membrane-bound vesicles mediate the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminals. The cycle resembles general membrane trafficking and has three phases: vesicle filling, release and recycling. During filling, neurotransmitter is loaded into vesicles via vesicular ne...