Zagros vegetation zone is one of the most important forest regions in Iran, which consists of a diverse group of arboreal species, especially oaks (Quercus spp.). Ilam province located in west of Iran and in Zagros vegetation zone which has 641000 ha of oak forests that its dominant species is Persian oak (Q. brantii). Oak trees decline is a complicated phenomenon that may result from different...

Ghaderi F, Hasehemi SAA (2022) Phytophthora citricola as the causal agent of persimmon root rot in Fars province of Iran. Plant Pathology Science 11(2): 1-10.   Doi: 10.2982/PPS.11.2.1   Introduction: Phytophthora species are a serious threat to plant products worldwide. Therefore, identifying them is the first step in finding a way to treat the disease. The aim of this study was to identify ...

The coalescent and multispecies coalescent model rooted genealogies backward through time. Often, the direction of time is unknown in trees estimated from molecular sequences due to reversible mutation models, absence of an appropriate outgroup, and the absence of the molecular clock. In this article, probabilities of unrooted gene-tree topologies under the multispecies coalescent are considere...

Studies on earthworms using molecular markers are rare in Africa except a handful from South Africa. Reports on Libyodrilus violaceous,an earthworm found in West Africaare available including their metal tolerance and bioaccumulation capacity but their molecular characterization and ecotoxicology studies are scarce. In this study, triplicate L. violaceous specimens were collec...

Flowering plants represent the most significant branch in the tree of land plants, with respect to the number of extant species, their impact on the shaping of modern ecosystems and their economic importance. However, unlike so many persistent phylogenetic problems that have yielded to insights from DNA sequence data, the mystery surrounding the origin of angiosperms has deepened with the adven...

Molecules and molecular compounds are often modeled by molecular graphs. One of the most widely known topological descriptor [6, 9] is the Wiener index named after chemist Harold Wiener [13]. The Wiener index of a graph G(V, E) is defined as W (G) = ∑ u,v∈V d(u, v), where d(u, v) is the distance between vertices u and v (minimum number of edges between u and v). A majority of the chemical appli...