The two theories of “ideal observer” and “divine command” are theories on constructionism and voluntarism. According to the ideal theory, ethical realities are defined based on the attitudes of the assumed ideal observers and the foundation of these theories is formed on negation of the independent ethical realities. Therefore, existence of independent and evident ethical realities based on whi...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) weakens the immune system in confronting various diseases by attacking to CD4+T cells. In modeling HIV behavior, the number of CD4+T cells is considered as the output. But, continuous-time measurement of these cells is not possible in practice, and the measurement is only available at variable intervals that are several times bigger than sampling time. In this...

This paper deals with the optimal state observer of non-linear systems based on a new strategy. Despite the development of state prediction in linear systems, state prediction for non-linear systems is still challenging. In this paper, to obtain a future estimation of the system states, initially Taylor series expansion of states in their receding horizons was achieved to any specified order an...