congenital malformation (cm) will begin to emerge as one of the major childhood health problems .treatment and rehabilitation of children with congenital malformations are costly and complete recovery is usually impossible. the aim of this study was to determine frequency of cm in yazd central city of the islamic republic of iran to find out if there has been any difference in the rate and type...

References 1. Wang M, Sun H, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Functional activation of Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase2 (PYK2) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:141. 2. Wang M, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Activation signal transduction by Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 (PYK2) in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with syst...

1. Sprowson et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013;14:356; 2. Ensing et al. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1492–1498; 3. National Joint Registry 11th Annual Report (2014); 4. Edwards et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008;90:770–7; 5. ICNARC: Key statistics from the Case Mix Programme Database; 6. Vanhegan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012;94(5):619–23; 7. Trampuz & Zimmerli. Swiss Med Wkly 2005;135(17–...

their associated skeletal elements are derived from cranial neural crest: thus, this genetic approach inactivated Kif3a cells that give rise to the facial skeleton. Despite the dramatic truncation in cilia, cranial neural crest cells still migrated normally into the facial prominences. In addition, cranial neural crest cells that lacked cilia still differentiated into osteoblasts and deposited ...

to doing this research daily interpolated temperature data from asfezari data base have been used. in order to recognition extreme cold days, the normalized temperature deviation index (ntdi) applied. then the index sorted according to extensive and severity and first 500 days selected for analysis. the geopotential height data extracted from www.esrl.noaa.gov data base. the thickness anomaly c...

There are two well-characterised isoforms of cannabinoid receptor; CB1 and CB2 and of these CB2 is under active investigation as a potential target for treatment of the chronic pain associated with widespread and intractable joint diseases osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The recent report by Fukuda et al (BMC Musculoskelet Disord15:275, 2014) in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders investigat...

PC-1 is a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (NTPPPH) that generates pyrophosphate from the hydrolysis of ATP. PC-1 is the primary enzymatic generator of pyrophosphate in osteoblastic cells. The influence of PC-1 on tissue mineralization is complex (Figure 1). PC-1 activity increases extracellular levels of pyrophosphate. Pyrophosphate inhibits hydroxyapapatite crystal formation and p...