the basic aim of this research is description and deduction of principles, aims, and methods based on the epistemological foundations of farabi in fusus al-hikmah. to get this aim, the method was documentary analysis and deduction. findings show that: necessary being is aware of all contingent beings, there is a unity between the essence of god as a ultimate truth and his knowledge, necessary b...

In the era of knowledge civilization, the concept of episteme introduced by (Foucault 1972) cannot be restricted to historical studies, can be applied also to analyze the current situation and future developments. After the middle of 20 century, the episteme of industrial civilization era was disintegrating and three essentially different episteme of three cultural spheres developed divergently...

well-known hospitals, old spas, and other places of great medical achievements. Society is always demanding that the medical schools produce better doctors. If they have the aim of giving the student an education which enables him to fulfil his duties and responsibilities as a member of the profession and of the community, a good medical historian may contribute remarkably to the realization of...

Mystical experiences represent a fundamental dimension of human existence. These experiences are commonly reported across all cultures. A mystical experience subjectively is characterized by encountering the divine in a way that disrupts the normal sense of self . The definitions of mystical experience used in research and clinical publications vary considerably, ranging from "upheaval of the t...

In Chapter 2 of Beyond Physicalism, I suggest that mystical experience, if a source of genuine metaphysical insight, can shed light on a variety of extraordinary phenomena, including psi and near-death experience, as well as the mystery that is ordinary consciousness. It is striking that mystics are often left with the conviction that they came into contact with deeper realities during their ex...

The paper starts with a discussion of the concept of knowledge society, economy or civilization, while stressing possible different interpretations of several issues: the reasons of emergence of knowledge societies, the issue of perceiving knowledge as capacity of action versus perceiving it as intellectual heritage of humanity, the issue of public versus private ownership of knowledge as the s...

This chapter begins with a brief review of descriptions and definitions of mystical-type experiences and the historical connection between classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences. The chapter then explores the empirical literature on experiences with classic hallucinogens in which claims about mystical or religious experiences have been made. A psychometrically validated questionnaire is...