Mexico's vast human and environmental diversity offers an initial framework for comprehending some of the prevailing great disparities between rich and poor. Its socio-economic constructed vulnerability to climatic events serves to expand this understanding. Based on a spatial econometric model, this paper tests the contribution of natural disasters to stimulating the emigration process in vuln...

We introduce and  study  fuzzy (co-)inner product and fuzzy(co-)norm of hyperspaces. In this regard by considering  the notionof hyperspaces, as a generalization of vector spaces, first we willintroduce the notion of fuzzy (co-)inner product in hyperspaces and will apply it to formulate the notions offuzzy (co-)norm and fuzzy (co-)orthogonality  in hyperspaces. Inparticular, we will prove that ...

For consumers who want to lose weight, using a product claiming to make that weight loss easier may be an attractive option. Herbal products are often perceived as safe because they are ‘natural’. However, these products are not free of risks. Herbal products themselves can be a cause of adverse drug reactions but these products can also be adulterated with active pharmacological ingredients. A...

Natural products have been and continue to be the source and inspiration for a substantial fraction of human therapeutics. Although the pharmaceutical industry has largely turned its back on natural product discovery efforts, such efforts continue to flourish in academia with promising results. Natural products have traditionally been identified from a top-down perspective, but more recently ge...

Natural product discovery arises through a unique interplay between chromatographic purification and biological assays. Currently, most techniques used for natural product purification deliver leads without a defined biological action. We now describe a technique, referred to herein as functional chromatography, that deploys biological affinity as the matrix for compound isolation.

Photolysis of 1-o—toluyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines gives protoberberine alkaloids through the intermediacy of x-hydroxy quinodimethanes and spirobenzyl isoquinol ines. Ortho trimethylsilylmethyl benzoyl chlorides on treatment with fluoride ions afford ketene quinodimethanes which can be trapped with reactive dienophiles. The reactivity pattern of these intermediates is considered in terms of the...

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