rails fracture by the growth of fatigue crack or critical crack is one of the prevalent defects in railway. the rail fracture, failure and stress analysis should be studied in order to prevention of rail fracture. in this paper, new formulation of contact stress for two rolling bodies is presented, where the results are closed to the hertz stress formulation. moreover, stress analysis is done b...

It has been proposed that a black hole horizon should generate Hawking radiation. In order to test this theory, we have created a narrow, low density, very low temperature atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, containing an analog black hole horizon and an inner horizon, as in a charged black hole. We observe Hawking radiation emitted by the black hole. This is the output of the black hole laser. We...

Ni alloys have managed to cover wide range of applications such as automotive industries, oil gas industries, and aerospace industries. However, these alloys impose challenges while using conventional machining technologies. On the other hand, Micro-Electro-Discharge machining (micro-EDM) is a nonconventional machining method that uses controlled sparks energy to remove material irrespective of...

We investigate mechanisms of energy extraction from a rotating black hole in terms of negative energy-at-infinity. In addition to the Penrose process through particle fission, the Blandford-Znajek mechanism by magnetic tension, and the magnetohydrodynamic Penrose process, we examine energy extraction from a black hole caused by magnetic reconnection in the ergosphere. The reconnection redistrib...

In this paper the averaged weak (AWEC) and averaged null (ANEC) energy conditions, together with uncertainty principle-type restrictions on negative energy (“quantum inequalities”), are examined in the context of evaporating black hole backgrounds in both two and four dimensions. In particular, integrals over only half-geodesics are studied. We determine the regions of the spacetime in which th...

We present here a theoretical investigation of the electronic and energetic properties of Na(+)GC, a DNA motif bound to a sodium ion (Na(+)) at the N(7) and O(6) sites of guanine (G), and its hole-trapped derivative [Na(+)GC](+) using density functional theory calculations. Normally, Na(+)GC has positive dissociation energies along various dissociation channels. However, hole-trapping of the Na...

Penrose described a process that, in principle, could extract energy and angular momentum from a rotating black hole. Here we examine two procedures that were claimed to be capable of implementing the Penrose idea; both make use of a particle moving at the horizon. In one, the particle is swallowed, and in the other the particle and black hole gradually exchange energy and angular momentum. We ...

A new scenario for extracting energy from a Kerr black hole is proposed. With magnetic field lines connecting plasma particles inside the ergosphere with remote loads, the frame dragging twists the field lines so that energy and angular momentum are extracted from the plasma particles. If the magnetic field is strong enough, the energy extracted from the particles can be so large that the parti...

We compute the spectrum of normalized fermion bound states in a Schwarzschild black hole background. The eigenstates have complex energies. The real part of the energies, for small couplings, closely follow a Hydrogen-like spectrum. The imaginary contributions give decay times for the various states, due to the absorption properties of the hole. As expected, states closer to the hole have short...