Down syndrome (DS) is the result of triplication of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) and is the prevailing cause of mental retardation. In addition to the mental deficiencies and physical anomalies noted at birth, triplication of chromosome 21 gene products results in the neuropathological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mapping of the gene that encodes the precursor protein (APP) ...

parkinson's disease (pd) is a very common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly population. current treatments for parkinson’s disease are based on symptom therapy but not the underlying cause of the disease. this disorder is caused neuronal death which triggers the activation of resident glial cells. this situation leads to neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. activated ...