Neurodegeneration is a progressive and irreversible loss of neuronal cells in specific regions of the brain. Alzheimer Diseases (AD) Parkinson Disease (PD) are the most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases in older people. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles that have a key role in physiological processes such as intercellular communication, cell migration, angiogenesis, and anti-tumo...

parkinson’s disease (pd) is the second most common neurodegenerative brain disorder which is around 1.5 times more common in men than in women. currently, drug medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes are common approaches to pd, while all of them focused on reducing the symptoms. therefore, regenerative medicine based on stem cell (sc) therapies has raised a promising hope. various types of...

apoptosis or programmed cell death is a gene regulated phenomenon which is important in both physiological and pathological conditions. it is characterized by distinct morphological features including chromatin condensation, cell and nuclear shrinkage, membrane blebbing and oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation. although, two major apoptotic pathways including 1) the death receptor (extrinsic) and...

Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive loss of neurons, share common mechanisms such as apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Genus Boswellia is a genus in the Burseraceae family. It comprises several species traditionally used for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, cerebral edema, chronic pain syndrome, gastrointestinal d...