In 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in cooperation with the T.M.C. Asser Institute, launched a major research effort to explore the concept of “direct participation by civilians in hostilities” (DPH Project).1 The goal was to provide greater clarity regarding the international humanitarian law (IHL) governing the loss of protection from attack when civilians involve th...

The rising prominence of more rigorous approaches to measuring conservation outcomes has included greater adoption of impact evaluation by conservation non-governmental organizations (CNGOs). Within the scientific literature, however, little consideration has been given to the unique and specific roles of CNGOs in advancing impact evaluation. We explore these issues in the context of one CNGO-C...

1. Background and State of the World 1.1 Pre-Second World War until 1972 1.1.1 Air and Water Pollution 1.1.2 Natural Resource and Wildlife Protection 1.1.3 International Governmental Organization Responses 1.2 1972–1992, The Second Generation of Environmental Issues 1.2.1 The Stockholm Conference 1.2.2 Post Stockholm Developments 1.2.3 The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1.3 1992–2000 Post-Rio D...

Are NGOs more vulnerable in crises than, for example, profit organizations, and are integrity violations (compared to competence crises) damaging non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) than organizations? In this study we address these questions using a 2x2 experimental design within the context of Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Our results show that crises. Moreover, NGO appears emer...

Social capital contributes to the alleviation of poverty but evidence on how to strengthen it remains scarce. This article describes strategies to strengthen social capital developed by a nongovernmental organization (NGO) and women as part of a development programme in rural Bangladesh between 2006 and 2012. The NGO and the women involved leveraged bonding (familial), bridging (peers) and link...

Technical assistance (TA) has a long and varied history as a development practice. It initially emerged as a set of ‘hard’ programs, tools, and technologies delivered to developing countries by imported First World experts, typically in the agricultural and resource sectors. Later, in response to critical and antidevelopment theories, TA morphed into its ‘soft’ version, attempting to empower ma...

Cath volunteers with the PONT Mbale (www.PONT-mbale.org) link and chairs their primary care committeewhich is embedded in a community to community partnership between Rhondda Cynon Taf in SouthWales and a district in Uganda called Mbale. Since 2005,PONThave trained60operational level health workers (OHWs) across three nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), 450 community health workers (CHWs) acr...

accreditation, as an approach to quality assurance and improvement, has a hundred-year history in the united states. other countries have started to establish such systems in the past twenty years. recently, we have witnessed numerous discussions and some practical steps toward establishing accreditation systems in iran. a major practical challenge for such newer accreditation systems is that a...