six rumen fistulated adult sheep were used to assess the effect of tannins (hydrolysable tannin; hts) in oak leaves (quercus libani oliv.) on ruminal fermentation parameters in a change-over design experiment for 28 days in 3 periods. polyethylene glycol (peg) was used to deactivate the tannins. the three dietary treatments were control (alfalfa hay, barley grain, wheat bran, wheat straw); ol (...

this experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of adaptation period to oak leave's tannin on rumen ph and ammonia, rumen microbial population, gas production and dry matter true digestibility (ivtdmd) in alamout goat’s rumen (with no previous history of oak leaf consumption) compared with markhoz goat (with previous history of oak leaf consumption). the goats were fed either oak...

With the reemerging discussion of gentrification in the urban landscape, an exploratory case study of the Oak Park Redevelopment Plan in Sacramento, California, was conducted to better understand the community’s gentrifying characteristics and the implications once the redevelopment goals are met. In addition, a conceptual framework (CF) was formulated in order to examine the components and pro...

BACKGROUND This study examines differences in the factors female and male physicians considered influential in their rural practice location choice and describes the practice arrangements that successfully recruited female physicians to rural areas. METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on a mailed survey of physicians successfully recruited between 1992 and 1999 to towns of 10,000 or ...

Assumptions about the importance of mothers’ time for children’s healthy development permeate policy debates over child care, maternal employment, and family leave. Studies consistently show that mothers’ time in particular activities with children relate positively to indicators of child well-being, but results are more mixed regarding associations between child outcomes and the sheer amount o...

We describe trends in maternal employment and leave-taking after birth of a newborn and analyze the extent to which these behaviors are influenced by parental leave policies. Data are from the June Current Population Survey (CPS) Fertility Supplements, merged with other months of the CPS, and cover the period 1987 to 1994. This time span is one during which parental leave legislation expanded a...

There are considerable differences in gender unemployment gaps across the EU. We use labor force survey data on 21 countries to perform a series of data decompositions and show that the cross-country variation in gender unemployment gaps is primarily driven by the differences in female labor force participation behavior after childbirth, namely, the family leave duration and the subsequent atta...

National context may influence sex segregation of household tasks through both pragmatic decision making and the normative context in which decision making is embedded. This study utilizes 36 time use surveys from 19 countries (spanning 1965-2003) combined with original national-level data in multilevel models to examine household task segregation. Analyses reveal that men do less and women do ...

herbivory is observed in different forms, one of these forms leading to gall production. among gall–inducing insects, oak gall wasps (hymenoptera: cynipidae) are found on the oak trees producing galls on certain parts of the host. in this survey, oak gall wasps were collected from oak forests in west azerbaijan in spring (2010). the occurred galls on oak trees (in spring) were collected from su...