Oil price could have long-lasting effects on any oil-exporting economy due to its dependence oil revenue. This present research probes the role of Price (OP) 22 categories manufacturing industries Saudi Arabia and growth total during 1990-2018 in nonlinear settings. To serve purpose, we utilize unit root test cointegration Shin et al. (2014) based modified bound statistics Kripfganz Schneider (...

BACKGROUND There is a large body of literature examining income in relation to health expenditures. The share of expenditures in health sector from GDP in developed countries is often larger than in non-developed countries, suggesting that as the level of economic growth increases, health spending increase, too. OBJECTIVES This paper estimates long-run relationships between health expenditure...

The Center supports analytic studies, policy relevant research, training and outreach activities to assist developing countries in the design and implementation of policies to foster growth, democracy, and the rule of law. Professor Karl has published widely on comparative politics and international relations, with special emphasis on the politics of oil-exporting countries, transitions to demo...

The relation between the climate regulation and the multilateral trade regime is a rising issue in the field of international governance. This article presents the options available to OPEC economies related to this. It analyses the option of introducing a carbon tax or border adjustment measures in the core of the WTO regime. It demonstrates that this option is not sustainable for both institu...

The energy problem in the conditions of modern economic development has acquired a particularly large scale: this is due to elevated level environmental pollution from conventional sources and their limited amount Earth’s interior. This forced countries develop new, renewable sources. However, it relevant consider prospects for exporting countries, namely oil supplier states. Thus, purpose stud...

The recent literature on firm exporting behaviour has pointed out to sunk-cost as key determinant of export behaviour yet little insight into what they include or how they vary with experience. In this paper we provide fresh evidence on the barriers to exporting and the role of export experience and other firm-level characteristics. Our results indicate that experience matters but in a non-line...