Abstract Background: Correction of severe kyphosis is a challenging operation in spinal surgery. A two stage operation has been commonly used: anterior release and decompression followed by posterior correction and fusion. We describe the posterior vertebral osteotomy technique for correction of severe and rigid kyphosis through posterior-only approach. Methods: Twelve patients (six male and s...

In digital communication, convolutional codes are important to control the errors between the transmitter and receiver. Convolutional code is a type of error correction code (ECC) which can perform both error detection and correction operation between transmitter and receiver side. Here information bits are transformed serially through the architecture which is one of the major advantages as co...

objective(s): in spect, the sinogram contains scatter and lack of attenuated counts that degrade the reconstructed image quality and quantity. many techniques for attenuation and scatter correction have been proposed. an acceptable method of correction is to incorporate effects into an iterative statistical reconstruction. here, we propose new maximum likelihood expectation maximization (mlem) ...