Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder caused by chronic treatment of psychiatric patients with dopamine (DA) receptor blocking drugs (Stacy & Jankovic 1991). Although TD is one of the most important and frequently encountered iatrogenic disorders in clinical medicine, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We have observed a hyperkinetic movement disorder in rats experi...

A 5-year-old boy presented with recurrent episodes of fever, feeding problems, lethargy, from the age of 11 months, and poor weight gain. He was admitted and evaluated for metabolic causes and diagnosed as having methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). He was treated with vit B12 and carnitine supplements and has been on follow-up for the last 3 years. Mutation analysis by next generation sequencing (NGS...

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a newly recognized, potentially fatal, but treatable autoimmune disease. Good outcome predictors include milder severity of symptoms, no need for intensive care unit admission, early aggressive immunotherapy, and prompt tumor removal. We report a case of a young girl aged 3 years 2 months and diagnosed as recalcitrant anti-NMDA rece...

Brendan P. Lucey, MD A 55-year-old right-handed man started phenytoin after 2 seizures. Four weeks later, he complained of involuntary facial movements. Examination revealed orofacial dyskinesias: eyebrow elevation and lip pursing (video on the Neurology Web site at www. neurology.org). No ataxia, slurred speech, or nystagmus was seen. His phenytoin level was 29.5 mg/L when examined, increased ...

BACKGROUND Involvement of the central nervous system in patients with syphilis (neurosyphilis) may result in several neuropsychiatric symptoms. Rarely, patients with neurosyphillis may develop movement disorders with different phenomenology. Subtle orofacial dyskinesias have been reported in patients with neurosyphilis, known as the candy sign. CASE REPORT We describe a patient with neurosyph...

BACKGROUND To identify the incidence rate of spontaneous dyskinesia (SD) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) in a general population and to examine the association between dykinesia and potential risk factors (exposure to metoclopramide [MCP], antipsychotic drugs, and history of diabetes and psychoses). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted for the years 2001 through 2010, based on medic...

Effect of active tannoid principles of E. officinalis, comprising of emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%) and pedunculagin (14%), was investigated on a rat model of tardive dyskinesia (TD) induced by once daily administration of haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg, ip) for 28 days. Involuntary orofacial movements (chewing movements, buccal tremors and tongue protusion) were assessed as...