The stochastic switching between microtubule growth and shrinkage is a fascinating unique process in the regulation of cytoskeleton. To understand it, almost all attention has been focused on ends. However, recent research revived idea that tubulin dimers can also be exchanged protofilaments along shaft, thus repairing protecting it from disassembly. Here, we review describing this phenomenon, ...

as a culture-based phenomenon which involves both linguistic and social aspects, translation has been investigated from various perspectives. the present critical discourse analysis (cda)-based study is an attempt to probe into the manipulation of ideologies in translations of political texts. a cda approach, based on fairclough (1989), van dijk (2004) and farahzad (2007), was adopted to conduc...