Pancreatic islet transplantation remains a promising approach to the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, graft failure continues to occur because of immunologic rejection, despite the use of potent immunosuppressive agents. It is therefore reasoned that induction of peripheral tolerance by the use of self-dendritic cells (DCs) as a vehicle to deliver specific target antigens to self-T-...

Several products of industrial interest are produced by Bacillus, including enzymes, antibiotics, amino acids, insecticides, biosurfactants and bacteriocins. This study aimed to investigate the potential of two bacterial isolates (P5 and C3) from puba, a regional fermentation product from cassava, to produce multiple substances with antimicrobial and surface active properties. Phylogenetic anal...

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and its structural relative IRS-2, are both phosphorylated on tyrosine following treatment of cells with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and insulin. We have investigated whether both IRS-1 and IRS-2 are expressed in murine lymphohemopoietic cells. T and B lymphocytes and macrophages from primary cultures expressed only IRS-2, which became phosphorylated on tyrosine f...

To examine the impact of homozygous genetic disruption of IRS-1 (IRS-1-/-) or IRS-2 (IRS-2-/-) on basal and insulin stimulated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in vivo we infused 18-h fasted mice (WT, IRS1-/and IRS2-/-) with [3-3H]glucose and [H5]glycerol and assessed rates of glucose and glycerol turnover under basal (0-90 min) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (90-210 min; 5 mM glucose a...

BACKGROUND Indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria prevention has traditionally been implemented in Ethiopia by the district health office with technical and operational inputs from regional, zonal, and central health offices. The United States President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) in collaboration with the Government of Ethiopia tested the effectiveness and efficiency of integrating IRS into...

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) potently stimulates intestinal growth. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) mediates proliferative and antiapoptotic actions of IGF-I in cell lines, but its in vivo relevance in intestine is not defined. This study tested the hypothesis that there is cell type-specific dependence on IRS-1 as a mediator of IGF-I action. Length, mass, crypt cell proliferation,...

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) gene polymorphisms have been identified in type 2 diabetic patients; however, it is unclear how such polymorphisms contribute to the development of diabetes. Here we introduced obesity in heterozygous IRS-1 knockout (IRS-1(+/-)) mice by gold-thioglucose (GTG) injection and studied the impact of reduced IRS-1 expression on obesity-linked insulin resistance. G...

Insulin signaling is coordinated by insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). Many insulin responses, especially for blood glucose metabolism, are mediated primarily through Irs-1 and Irs-2. Irs-1 knockout mice show growth retardation and insulin signaling defects, which can be compensated by other IRSs in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here, we presented an Irs-1 truncated mut...

In the present study we have investigated the contribution of the insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS-1 and IRS-2) to the insulin/insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I)-signaling pathways in fetal rat brown adipocytes, a model that expresses both insulin and IGF-I receptors. Insulin/IGF-I rapidly stimulated IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, their association with p85alpha, and IRS-1-...