background and purpose: this study was designed in order to compare the effects of spinal and epidural analgesia on labour and also several maternal and fetal factors in vaginal delivery. materials and methods: the study was a randomized clinical trail and participatnts were 120 gravid 1 and gravid 2 women in the active phase of delivery, admitted to the labour room of fatemieh hospital in hame...

Vaccination is the most efficient method for infectious disease prevention. Parenteral injections such as intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous injections have several advantages in vaccine delivery, but there are many drawbacks. Thus, the development of a new vaccine delivery system has long been required. Recently, microneedles have been attracting attention as new vaccination tools. M...

Benefiting from the advantages of minimal invasiveness, painlessness, and ease to use, microneedle patches (MPs) have been extensively studied in biomedical field through a physical penetration enhancement pathway. This study systematically summarizes preparation methods, function optimization, diagnostic therapeutic applications MPs. First all, raw materials methods commonly used different pro...

Charcoal burning has emerged as a novel suicide method in Taiwan and its impact on maternal filicide-suicide (MFS) remains unexplored. Using official national mortality data and reports of MFS cases from electronic newspaper archives, the authors aimed to examine whether the newly available charcoal burning was associated with an increase in MFS incidents during the period from 1999 to 2006. Th...

BACKGROUND Ectopic pituitary adenoma was first described by Erdheim in 1909, about 100 cases have been reported in literature, to the best of our knowledge, an ectopic pituitary adenoma located in the parapharyngeal space has not been reported thus far. METHOD A 59-year-old woman presenting with a neck lump, which was painlessness and growing, was without any neurological disorders or endocri...

Buruli ulcer is a chronic skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, which produces a toxic lipid mycolactone. Despite the extensive necrosis and tissue damage, the lesions are painless. This absence of pain prevents patients from seeking early treatment and, as a result, many patients experience severe sequelae, including limb amputation. We have reported that mice inoculated with M. ulcer...