When utterances contain conflicting emotion cues, 6-year-olds judge emotion from content, even when instructed to judge emotion from paralanguage (Morton & Trehub, 2001). Two experiments examined the nature of this bias. In Experiment 1, priming paralanguage reversed 6-year-olds' normal bias to content. In Experiment 2, 6-year-olds were instructed to listen to paralanguage under various conditi...

Children's understanding of emotion in speech was explored in three experiments. In Experiment 1, 4- to 10-year-old children and adults (N = 165) judged the happiness or sadness of the speaker from cues conveyed by propositional content and affective paralanguage. When the cues conflicted (i.e., a happy situation was described with sad paralanguage), children relied primarily on content, in con...

Six-year-old children can judge a speaker's feelings either from content or paralanguage but have difficulty switching the basis of their judgments when these cues conflict. This inflexibility may relate to a lexical bias in 6-year-olds' judgments. Two experiments tested this claim. In Experiment 1, 6-year-olds (n = 40) were as inflexible when switching from paralanguage to content as when swit...

Paralanguage is a vital component of metacommunication in human interaction that allows people to convey nuanced meaning and emotion add layers their spoken utterances through manipulation the manner speech. This why paralanguage suggested be considered as primary facet communicative competence effective communication. However, this adversely hampered by challenges between with different cultur...

Both face-to-face communication and communication in online environments convey information beyond the actual verbal message. In a traditional face-to-face conversation, paralanguage, or the ancillary meaningand emotion-laden aspects of speech that are not actual verbal prose, gives contextual information that allows interactors to more appropriately understand the message being conveyed. In th...

This paper reports on some of the components of person to person communication mediated by computer conferencing systems. Transcripts from two systems were analysed: the Electronic Information and Exchange System (EIES), based at the New Jersey Institute of Technology; and Planet, based at Infomedia Inc. in Palo Alto, California. The research focused upon the ways in which expressive communicat...

What are the factors that contribute to "ideal" instructional interactivity? In this study, subjects observed different interactive situations between a student and teacher, displayed in video format on a computer and were asked to subjectively rate the quality of interactivity for each situation. Analysis of pilot test data using multiple regression analysis showed a small but significant effe...