Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are E.coli strains with enhanced ability to cause infection outside the intestinal tract such as in the blood stream, cerebrospinal fluid, or urinary tract of mammalian and human hosts (Johnson and Russo., 2002). The barrier between commensalism and virulence results from a complex balance involving host condition, presence and express...

Introduction: The ability of pathogenic microorganisms of obtaining iron from host is essential for its survival. Microorganisms require iron for a variety of metabolic processes, so they synthesize and secrete small organic molecules called siderophores that actively chelate iron. The study was carried out to compare the results of siderophore produced by commensals & clinical isolates and co-...

the aphid species, cinara pini (linnaeus, 1758) reported in our previous work as a new aphid on pinus trees for iran, was described using the classic method and through analysis of coi gene sequence. in the next step, we addressed the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, lecanicillium longisporum (zimm.) zare and gams strain lrc 190, on the aphid. the fungus was administered to the second...

Geminiviridae is a large family of single stranded DNA plant viruses, transmitted by white fly Bamesia tabacci, and they are the major causes of huge agro-economical losses worldwide. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) belongs to the genus begomovirus, the predominant variety of geminiviruses in northern part of Indian subcontinent. It has bipartite genome, which replicates via rolling ...

These days our society is combating against a neurodegenerative disease called Alzheimer’s disease which is an age-related dementia. The concern has become graver as the disease may not be a necessary outcome in the oldest old and may even thrive in an age of thirties or forties. Alzheimer’s impairs a person’s cognitive ability and gradually leads to loss of bodily functions, making them depend...

Aspergillus niger is a member of the genus Aspergillus which includes a set of fungi that are generally considered asexual, although perfect forms (forms that reproduce sexually) have been found. Aspergilli are ubiquitous in nature. They are geographically widely distributed and have been observed in a broad range of habitats because they can colonize a wide variety of substrates. Aspergillus n...