in this article, new index, the optimized synthetized drought index (osdi), is suggested for real-time monitoring of this phenomenon in areas with heterogeneous land covers. the precipitation, one of the important factors in drought, measured by ground stations and improved bytrmm satellite data. each of the three normalized moisture indices, including normalized difference vegetation index (nd...

Some indexes are necessary for performance evaluation of a management system. Balanced scorecard (BSC) is used in order to extraction of these indexes for evaluating the necessary performances in the evaluation process. Utilization of BSC causes to prevent in increasing information and data. Furthermore, all of the important indexes are considered in evaluation performance.Data envelopment anal...

Abstract N owadays, conservation, maintenance and monitoring of natural resources according to estimated benefits and costs, plays an important role in economic growth and sustainable development. Economic development along with environmental protection, while preserving economic competitiveness by providing eco-friendly technologies, will prevent of loss and waste of environmental r...

We propose a class of distribution-free rank-based tests for the null hypothesis of a unit root. This class is indexed by the choice of a reference density g, which needs not coincide with the unknown actual innovation density f . The validity of these tests, in terms of exact finite sample size, is guaranteed, irrespective of the actual underlying density, by distribution-freeness. Those tests...