In October 2015, the third international Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information (PPRI) Conference was held in Vienna to foster discussion on challenges in pricing and reimbursement policies for medicines. The research presented highlighted that commonly used pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies are not sufficiently effective to address current challenges. Conference p...

AIMS To examine policies and practices relating to the provision, prescription and monitoring of complementary and alternative medicine and therapies (CAM) in conventional cancer services in NSW. METHODS Self-administered questionnaire sent to directors of all 65 eligible cancer services in NSW in 2009. RESULTS Forty-three services responded to the survey (response rate 66%). Only six (14%)...

After introducing and developing fuzzy set theory, a lot of studies have been done in this field and then a result appeared as a Fuzzy Graph (Combination of graph theory and fuzzy set theory). This is now known as Fuzzy graph theory. In this article we review essential works on different types of fuzzy graph and fuzzy hyper graph. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 03E72, 05C72

This paper is about mathematical foundational aspects of fuzzy theory for engineers who wish to take a serious look at fuzzy theory for significant applications. As a tool for modeling and reasoning, fuzzy theory has its own domain of applicability. We provide firm foundations for implementing fuzzy concepts and fuzzy rules, specify the domains where fuzzy theory is appropriate, show firm conne...

Cost-containment in healthcare spending has become a central issue in public policy and healthcare reform, especially as the affordable care act adds millions of people to public and private insurance rolls. In this climate, longstanding criticism of pharmaceutical pricing has grown sharper, and many in both policy and medicine have characterized the costs of newly developed drugs as both exorb...

By Fuzzy theory we mean Zadeh’s mathematical theory of generalized sets and their associated logics. At this state of the art, fuzzy theory has provided significant contributions to artificial intelligence via a broader umbrella of soft computing. Like other theories of mathematics, such as number theory and potential theory, fuzzy theory has its own agenda, concepts, and techniques. However, j...