Broadly speaking, pharmaceutical policy in Spain has been unable to control either the price or the volume of drugs prescribed. Limited attempts have been made to bring together the regulation of the pharmaceutical market and policies, in pursuit of the desired goals of efficiency and quality. This paper assesses the regulation of the Spanish pharmaceutical market over the last two decades by e...

In this paper, we consider the model that the information on the rewards in vector-valued Markov decision processes includes imprecision or ambiguity. The fuzzy reward model is analyzed as follows: The fuzzy reward is represented by the fuzzy set on the multi-dimensional Euclidian space R and the infinite horizon fuzzy expected discounted reward(FEDR) from any stationary policy is characterized...

Fuzzy numbers in number theory are a foundation of fuzzy sets and fuzzy mathematics that extend the domain of numbers from those of real numbers to fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy arithmetic is a system of fuzzy operations on fuzzy numbers. A theory of fuzzy arithmetic is presented towards a fuzzy mathematical structure for fuzzy inference and cognitive computation. The mathematical models of fuzzy number...

In this paper, a type of fuzzy system structure is applied to heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) algorithm to solve nonlinear discrete-time Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (DT-HJB) problems. The fuzzy system here is adopted as a 0-order T–S fuzzy system using triangle membership functions (MFs). The convergence of HDP and approximability of the multivariate 0-order T–S fuzzy system is analyzed in this...

Using Greedy Clustering Method to Solve Capacitated Location-Routing Problem with Fuzzy Demands Abstract In this paper, the capacitated location routing problem with fuzzy demands (CLRP_FD) is considered. In CLRP_FD, facility location problem (FLP) and vehicle routing problem (VRP) are observed simultaneously. Indeed the vehicles and the depots have a predefined capacity to serve the customerst...

background and objectives: evaluating the performance of clinical units is critical for effective managementof health settings. certain assessment of clinical variables for performance analysis is not always possible,calling for use of uncertainty theory. this study aimed to develop and evaluate an integrated independentcomponent analysis-fuzzy-data envelopment analysis approach to accurate the...