a‎s we know, developing mathematical models and numerical procedures that would appropriately treat and solve systems of linear equations where some of the system's parameters are proposed as fuzzy numbers is very important in fuzzy set theory. for this reason, many researchers have used various numerical methods to solve fuzzy linear systems. in this paper, we define the concepts of midpoint a...

This paper uses a formal approach to incorporating uncertainty of input information into the fusion process and decision making. Fuzzy set theory (fuzzy numbers, and fuzzy operators) is used to characterize and then manipulate (reason about) uncertainty. A library of speci cations of fuzzy set theory is developed using category theory and Specware, a tool that supports category theory based alg...

In this paper, we introduce a special algebra called EQ-algebra which has three binary operations (meet, product, fuzzy equality) and a top element. The fuzzy equality is reflexive, symmetric and transitive with respect to the product. EQ-algebra is a natural algebra proposed as an algebra of truth values on the basis of which the fuzzy type theory (a higher-order fuzzy logic) should be develop...

Responses to the global financial crisis According to a survey with the PPRI (Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information) network (see also E4), a total of 445 measures (related to pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement) were reported during the period of 2010-2014. This corresponds to, on average, nearly 13 measures per country, but with great variability between the countries (ran...

OBJECTIVES Pharmaceutical policies have become paramount in China and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region because of rapidly rising expenditures on drugs. The problems are especially acute in China because expenditures on drugs are typically so large. This article intends to review effects of the policy of drug expenditure containment with primary reference to China, and it proposes some...

One of the most controversial issues in uncertainty modelling and information sciences is the relationship between probability theory and fuzzy sets. This paper is meant to survey the literature pertaining to this debate, and to try to overcome misunderstandings and to supply access to many basic references that have addressed the "probability versus fuzzy set" challenge. This problem has not a...

Poor drug access continues to be one of the main global health problems. Global inequalities in access to pharmaceuticals are caused by a number of variables including poverty, high drug prices, poor health infrastructure, and fraud and corruption--the latter being the subject of this article. There is growing recognition among policy makers that corruption in the pharmaceutical system can wast...

Network throughput and energy conservation are two conflicting important performance metrics for wireless sensor networks. Since these two objectives are in conflict with each other, it is difficult to achieve them simultaneously. In this paper, a joint duty cycle scheduling and energy aware routing approach is proposed based on evolutionary game theory which is called DREG. Making a trade-off ...