The availability of data for the size of the “underground economy” (UE) is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for the (unobservable) New Zealand UE over the period 1968–1994. Two input variables are used—the effective tax rate and an index of the degree of regulation (REG). The resulting UE time-series is compared with ...

generalized geraghty type fuzzy mappings oncomplete metric spaces are introduced and a fixed point theorem thatgeneralizes some recent comparable results for fuzzy mappings incontemporary literature is obtained. example is provided to show thevalidity of obtained results over comparable classical results for fuzzymappings in fixed point theory. as an application, existence of coincidencefuzzy p...

fuzzy linear programming problem occur in many elds such as mathematical modeling, control theory and management sciences, etc. in this paper we focus on a kind of linear programming with fuzzy numbers and variables namely fully fuzzy linear programming (fflp) problem, in which the constraints are in inequality forms. then a new method is proposed to ne the fuzzy solution for solving (fflp). ...

this commentary on the editorial ‘the politics and analytics of health policy’ by professor calum paton focuses on two issues. first, it points to the unclear links between ideas, ideology, values, and discourse and policy, and warns that discourse is often a poor guide to enacted policy. second, it suggests that realism, particularly ‘programme theory’ are useful tools for health policy analys...

we argue that the field of health policy and management (hpam) ought to confront the gap between theory, policy, and practice. although there are perennial efforts to reform healthcare systems, the conceptual barriers are considerable and reflect the theory-policy-practice gap. we highlight four dimensions of the gap: 1) the dominance of microeconomic thinking in health policy analysis and desi...

this commentary reflects upon the article along three broad lines. it reflects on the theoretical choices and omissions, particularly highlighting why it is important to adapt the multiple streams framework (msf) when applying it in a socio-political context like vietnam’s. the commentary also reflects upon the analytical threads tackled by ha et al; for instance, it highlights the opportunitie...

This paper examines the link between price regulation and pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) investment. I identify two mechanisms through which price regulation may exert an influence on R&D: an expected-profit effect and a cash-flow effect. Using established models of the determinants of pharmaceutical R&D, I exploit a unique fact to quantify firm exposure to pharmaceutical price r...

In this paper, we establish the theory of fuzzy ideal convergence on completely distributive lattices and give characterizations of some topological notions. We also study fuzzy limit structures and discuss the relationship between fuzzy co-topologies and fuzzy limit structures.

This paper studies fuzzy relations in the graded framework of Fuzzy Class Theory (FCT). This includes (i) rephrasing existing work on graded properties of binary fuzzy relations in the framework of Fuzzy Class Theory and (ii) generalizing existing crisp results on fuzzy relations to the graded framework. Our particular aim is to demonstrate that Fuzzy Class Theory is a powerful and easy-to-use ...

Object-oriented remote sensing software provides the user with flexibility in the way that remotely sensed data are classified through segmentation routines and userspecified fuzzy rules. This letter explores the classification and uncertainty issues associated with aggregating detailed ‘sub-objects’ to spatially coarser ‘super-objects’ in object-oriented classifications. We show Possibility Th...