Phenols (phenol and p-cresol) are amino acid metabolites produced by intestinal bacteria. Some reports have demonstrated that the accumulation of phenols in the serum has toxic effects in renal failure patients. In this study, we found that phenols accumulated in the serum of rats given a tyrosine diet, and that dietary intake of a galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (GOS) suppressed the accumulati...

Cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) contains a number of structurally diverse substituted phenols. Recent quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies on phenols show that substituted phenols with electron-releasing groups can form potentially toxic phenoxyl-free radicals. In contrast, substituted phenols with electron-withdrawing groups do not form phenoxyl-free radicals but exert t...

Phenols are an important group of organic pollutants present in many industrial effluents such as petro-chemicals, textiles, tanneries; gasification units etc. The phenols should not exceed 0.01μg/l, 1mg/l in drinking & in industrial waters, respectively. But in most of the cities the situation is alarming where the phenol concentrations are more often crossed 8–10 ppm. For removal of the exces...

‘IT0STUDY PROTEIN METABOLISM with special reference to tyrosine as well as to study the deranged metabolism of aromatic compounds in phenylketonuria and similar disorders, quantitative determination of urinary phenols is desirable. Volterra (1) measured three phenolic fractions in the urine by distillation. Phenols have been measured quantitatively after ethyl acetate extraction by Bray and Tho...

Many phenols have carcinogenic activity. The Estonian shale oils contain up to 40 vol % phenols. The promoting activity after initiation of phenols of Estonian shale oils was tested in mice with a single subthreshold dose (0.36 mg) of benzo(a)pyrene. C57Bl and CC57Br mice were used in skin painting experiments. Weak carcinogenic activity was found in the total crude water-soluble phenols recove...

Experimental studies of the "extended toxicity" of substituted phenols are mainly of two types: the toxicity due to phenoxyl radical formation and the toxicity caused by metabolites, for example, the formation of quinones. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies of phenol toxicity have dealt with the formation of phenoxyl radicals using bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of pa...

Potentiodynamic investigations on a platinum electrode show that oxidation of phenol, monochlorophenols, dichlorophenols, 2,3,6-, 2,4,5-, 2,4,6-trichlorophenols, and pentachlorophenol in 1 M NaOH solution, containing 1 mM of phenols, proceeds in the potential region of Pt oxide formation. The oxidation rate of phenols decreases with the increase in the number of chlorine atoms in the benzene ri...

Two reactions of phenols with arynes have been developed. If LiTMP base is employed, arynes generated from aryl chlorides react with phenols to form helicenes. o-Arylation of phenols can be achieved by employing tBuONa base in the presence of AgOAc. Direct arylation of binol was achieved leading to the shortest pathway to o,o'-diarylbinols.

Regioselective synthesis of polysubstituted benzofurans using a copper catalyst and molecular oxygen from phenols and alkynes in a one-pot procedure has been reported. The transformation consists of a sequential nucleophilic addition of phenols to alkynes and oxidative cyclization. A wide variety of phenols and alkynes can be used in the same manner.

Phenols and aryl thiols are fundamental building blocks in organic synthesis and final products with interesting biological activities. Over the past decades, substantial progress has been made in transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, which resulted in the emergence of new methods for the synthesis of phenols and aryl thiols. Aryl halides have been extensively studied as substrates for...