Three dimensional packaging is becoming a popular concept because of the numerous advantages it has to offer over the existing conventional technologies such as PCB and MCM. System on Packages (SOP) is an example of three dimensional packaging. In this paper, we present the channel and pin assignment algorithms for 3D packaging routing. There exist multiple floorplan, routing, and pin distribut...

In this work, improved heat generation models are developed for straight and tapered shoulder geometries with different tool pin profiles in friction stir welding. The models are developed considering the welding process as a combination of the pure sliding and the pure sticking conditions. From the results, the amount of heat generation is directly proportional to the number of edges in the pi...

In this work, effects of different tool pin profiles of flat and tapered shoulder geometries on the peak temperature in friction stir welding are investigated analytically. The developed models used for the analytical investigations considered the welding process as a combination or mixture of the pure sliding and the pure sticking. From the results, the amount of heat generation and the peak t...

The plant hormone auxin is a conserved regulator of development which has been implicated in the generation of morphological novelty. PIN-FORMED1 (PIN) auxin efflux carriers are central to auxin function by regulating its distribution. PIN family members have divergent structures and cellular localizations, but the origin and evolutionary significance of this variation is unresolved. To charact...

The PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are plasma-membrane-associated facilitators of auxin transport. They are often targeted to one side of the cell only through subcellular mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we have studied the potential roles of the cytoskeleton and endomembrane system in the localisation of PIN proteins. Immunocytochemistry and image analysis on root cells from Arabidops...

The performance of the photon detector constructed for the search of T-violation in the decay K + → π 0 µ + ν is presented. The specific features of this detector consisting of 768 CsI(Tl) crystals with PIN photodiode readout for high precision measurement of T-odd correlations in decays of positive kaons are considered.

Early failure of hip resurfacing has been attributed to component malposition and other factors. Accurate placement of the femoral guide pin is challenging with commercial guides, and computer navigation adds considerable cost to the procedure. Precise pin placement can be achieved by drilling a 2.8-mm pin across the hip joint in a retrograde fashion similar to placing a dynamic hip screw pin. ...

BACKGROUND Intramedullary fixation with use of a telescopic rod with a T-piece is one of the standard methods for long-bone stabilization in growing children with osteogenesis imperfecta. However, installation and removal of this device can cause substantial damage to the distal joint, which limits its use, especially in the tibia. We devised a modification of the telescopic rod system--the int...

The S-shaped clavicle poses a problem for intramedullary pin fixation. Stability of fracture fixation is closely related to the length of intramedullary pin engagement. This study was carried out to determine the engagement length of intramedullary pins into clavicular fractures using a small and a large pin. Seven pairs of fresh cadaveric clavicles were prepared and arranged into Group 1 and G...

Despite best efforts from security API designers, flaws are often found in widely deployed security APIs. Even APIs with a formal proof of security may not guarantee absolute security when used in a real-world device or application. In parallel to spending research efforts to improve security of these APIs, we argue that it may be worthwhile to explore design criteria that would reduce the impa...