The recognition of biological differences as an important explanatory and predictive element in political behavior has created the need to integrate various models from a variety of fields into a more cohesive theoretical framework. The ostensibly perplexing coexistence of individual differences in the face of universal human design needs to be reconciled. Here we introduce evolution as a theor...

Dear friends, the wife of senator John Kennedy, candidate for the U.S. presidency, is talking to you. In these very dangerous times, when the world peace is threatened by communism, it is necessary to have in the White House a leader able to guide our destinies with a fi rm hand. My husband has always cared for the interests of all the portions of our society who need the protection of a humani...

Contingent events are probabilistic. Acknowledging that realized contingencies alter observed political outcomes, however, does little to advance the systematic study of politics. This paper suggests that political science should focus on understanding how foreseeable contingencies, rather than truly “exogenous” unforeseeable events, alter political behavior. The most useful tool for understand...

based on a new approach to the holly qur'an and to the behavior of the wise, the present paper studies political taghiyyeh (act of concealing one's own belief). after elaborating on the concept of taghiyyeh briefly, personal and socio-political taghiyyeh are explained. with respect to personal taghiyyeh, there is a discussion over the obligatory precepts of the types of taghiyyeh base...

this research has been performed with the purpose of investigating the interactive role of accountability and job self-efficacy on organizational citizenship behavior and political behavior of the faculty members. in this research the statistical society included all faculty members of urmia university, among whom 206 persons was selected through straticulate random samplery methods. the way re...

When do people take political action? What roles do values, elite rhetoric, and social norms play in motivating action? These questions are of obvious importance for those interested in political behavior; however, little work – other than research on participation – explores the impact of these various factors. This study offers a framework that generates hypotheses about the role of values, r...

Political thought and behavior play an important role in our lives, from ethnic tensions in Europe, to the war in Iraq and the Middle Eastern conflict, to parliamentary and presidential elections. However, little is known about how the individual's political attitudes and decisions are shaped by subtle national cues that are so prevalent in our environment. We report a series of experiments tha...