the influence of parasitoids on population dynamics is affected by host instar preference. the preference pattern of host instars is not fixed and is modified by the availability and relative abundance of host instars, intensity of defensive behaviors in a particular instar, and also maternal effects of the female forager. in this study, host instar preference of the thelytokous strain of lysip...

There is wide-ranging evidence, much of it deriving from economics experiments, of ‘anomalies’ in behaviour that challenge standard preference theories. This paper explores the implications of these anomalies for preference elicitation methods. Because methods that are used to inform public policy, such as contingent valuation, are based on standard preference theories, their validity may be ca...

due to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. the present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method which has been called preference in some era and comparison in some other era.

An important factor affecting preference formation is the context in which that preference decision takes place. The current research examined whether one's preference formed for a previously presented stimulus influences the processing of a subsequent preference decision, henceforth referred to as the preference sequence effect. Using a novel sequential rating/judgment paradigm, the present st...

study on the livestock diet is one of the main priorities in the management of rangeland in iran. so, this study was conducted to compare preference values of plant species in three age classes of kaboudeh sheep (one, three and five year old ones) in rangelands of bavanat, fars province, iran. for each age class, four sheep were selected and their grazing times from different plant species were...

 Background: Childbirth is a fundamental physical and emotional struggle. This study is an attempt to investigate the psychological factors related to the first delivery, and its relationship with the preference of the type of subsequent deliveries in women. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study in which 380 pregn...

this review gives an overview of our recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of morphine reward from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm. intracranial place conditioning methodology has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and drug reward mechanisms. several studies have established that morp...