Development of sustainable energy systems based on renewable biomass feedstocks is now a global effort. Lignocellulosic biomass contains polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, bound together in a complex structure. Liquid biofuels, such as ethanol, can be made from biomass via fermentation of sugars derived from the cellulose and hemicellulose within lignocellulosic materials, but th...

Acids and alkalis are considered important catalysts in biomass pretreatment, which is essential to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for sugar release. In this study, the effects of various chemicals and temperatures on the pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw were investigated. The conversions of glucan and xylan during pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolys...

BACKGROUND Dry dilute acid pretreatment at extremely high solids loading of lignocellulose materials demonstrated promising advantages of no waste water generation, less sugar loss, and low steam consumption while maintaining high hydrolysis yield. However, the routine pretreatment reactor without mixing apparatus was found not suitable for dry pretreatment operation because of poor mixing and ...

The performance of supercapacitors (SC) strongly depends on how their activated carbon (AC) electrodes were synthesized from precursor materials and pretreatments applied to them. This study investigates the effect direct filtered gamma radiations as AC. exposure doses used 0.1 kGy 6 kGy. high gamma-energy dose pretreatment broke randomly orientated graphitic crystal lattices inside AC particle...

OBJECTIVE Adenosine pretreatment reduces injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion. To investigate the hypothesis that adenosine pretreatment would modulate injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, we conducted a randomized controlled trial on the effects of adenosine pretreatment in children undergoing surgery to repair congenital heart defects. METHODS...

Waste activated sludge (WAS) originating from kraft pulp mill effluent treatment plants represents an important environmental challenge for this industry. Anaerobic digestion is a promising option WAS treatment, with the added benefit of biogas production. This paper presents application thermal, thermal-alkaline, and mechanical pretreatment methods in order to promote solubilization organic ma...

Exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) before a crucial event, with the plan to create a preventing therapeutic situation, has been defined "preconditioning" and is emerging as a useful adjunct both in diving medicine as well before ischemic or inflammatory events. Oxygen pre-breathing before diving has been extensively documented in recreational, technical, commercial and military diving for tis...

objective: button mushrooms (agaricus bisporus) are among the most widely produced and consumed mushrooms in the world. generally speaking, mushrooms are of great nutritional value, which due to their high content of moisture and their corruptibility particular attention is required to be paid to their conservation and health. drying is one of the most important ways to preserve the yields with...

Tomato (Lycpoersicum esculemtum) belongs to the Solanaceae potato family and is an important crop plant. It is relatively resistant to salinity, but in the saline environment growth and production of the plant significantly reduces. On the other hand, the presence of mycorrhiza fungus can improve the adverse effects of salinity. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with thre...