Four media, Lowenstein-Jensen, Middlebrook, Petragnani, and ribonucleic acid, were tested for comparative ability to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Specimens used included sputum, urine, tissue, and gastric washings. Three types of comparison were used: (i) comparison derived from randomized specimens; (ii) comparison of cultures from newly diagnosed cases that had received no prior therapy...

Bayesian statistics defines how new information, given by a likelihood, should be combined with previously acquired information, given by a prior distribution. Many experiments have shown that humans make use of such priors in cognitive, perceptual, and motor tasks, but where do priors come from? As people never experience the same situation twice, they can only construct priors by generalizing...

To make fast and accurate behavioral choices, we need to integrate noisy sensory input, take prior knowledge into account, and adjust our decision criteria. It was shown previously that in two-alternative-forced-choice tasks, optimal decision making can be formalized in the framework of a sequential probability ratio test and is then equivalent to a diffusion model. However, this analogy hides ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in adolescents with primary axillary hyperhidrosis. METHODS This 52-week, multicenter, nonrandomized, open-label study was conducted in 141 adolescents ages 12 to 17 years with severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis. Patients could receive up to six treatments with onabotulinumtoxinA (50 U per axilla), with re-treatment occurr...

Genotypic resistance analysis on viral DNA and plasma was performed in 56 therapy naive patients with recent and chronic infection to assess the prevalence of mutations associated with drug resistance and compare cell-free and cell-associated strains. Direct sequencing of DNA provirus disclosed key mutations to RT inhibitors more frequently than in plasma RNA. In addition, major mutations assoc...

PURPOSE Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Several factors influence the efficacy of TB treatment by leading to suboptimal drug concentrations and subsequently affecting treatment outcome. The aim of this cohort is to determine the association between anti-TB drug concentrations and TB treatment outcomes. PARTICIPANTS Patients dia...

Repetitive episodes of brief regional ischemia have been shown to reduce the severity of life-threatening ventricular anhythrnias and infarct size that occur during prolonged occlusion of the coronary artery. This phenomenon is known as ischemic preconditioning. During studies in anesthetized, open chest Wistar rats, we accidentally observed that poorly ventilated animals had a reduced seve...

Neuropathic osteoarthropathy, which is known as Charcot osteoarthropathy, is a degenerative arthritis that develops as a result of proprioceptive and sensory innervation loss. A 47-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department of the hospital with left shoulder pain, which was ongoing and exacerbating for 5 days. Examination of the cervical region takes a crucial part in determining sho...