In this paper, after defining pure proportional navigation guidance in the 3-dimensional state from a new point of view, range estimation for passive homing missiles isexplained. Modeling has been performed by using line of sight coordinates with a particulardefinition. To obtain convergent estimates of those state variables involved particularly inrange channel and unavailable from IR trackers...

When a detector sensitive to the target plume IR seeker is used for tracking airborne targets, the seeker tends to follow the target hot point which is a point farther away from the target exhaust and its fuselage. In order to increase the missile effectiveness, it is necessary to modify the guidance law by adding a lead bias command. The resulting guidance is known as target adaptive guidance ...

To improve applicability and adaptability of the impact time control guidance (ITCG) in practical engineering, a two-stage ITCG law with simple but effective structure is proposed based on hybrid proportional navigation, namely, pure-proportional-navigation retro-proportional-navigation. For case error less than zero, first stage guided trajectory driven by retro-proportional-navigation second ...