This paper develops a political economy model to examine the implications of selection under an authoritarian regime. We formalize fiscal policy choice local governments, focusing on two mechanisms and their for public investment welfare spending. A growth-oriented promotion system induces officials increase investment, which may output but crowd out transfers. mimics recent investment-driven g...

Almost every country exhibits two important health financing trends: health spending per person rises and the share of out-of-pocket spending on health services declines. We describe these trends as a "health financing transition" to provide a conceptual framework for understanding health markets and public policy. Using data over 1995-2009 from 126 countries, we examine the various explanation...