Sex is good for us, but it is a compromise. For the benefit of being able to produce genetically variable offspring, we must pay the cost of passing on only half our genes to each of them. Whilst evolutionary biologists still puzzle over the precise details of why the benefits of sex so frequently seem to outweigh the costs (Neiman, Lively, & Meirmans, ), one major challenge to sexual reproduct...

Children actively construct their understanding of God in early childhood, an that incorporates affect-laden mental representations often referred to as images. To explore religious variations children’s association positive and negative traits God, 254 preschool-aged children from Protestant Christian, Catholic, Muslim, Non-Affiliated backgrounds indicated certainty scares them, punishes is an...

Multihop ad hoc networks were designed assuming trustworthiness and cooperation between all participating nodes; nodes in an ad-hoc network rely on one another in packet forwarding, detecting routes, etc. Thus, the performance of an ad hoc network degrades considerably with the presence of misbehaving nodes. Nodes’ misbehaviour includes, but is not limited to, refusing to relay data packets, co...

This paper presents a User Cooperation Trust Model (UCTM) which not only encourages the good behavior liberally, but also punishes those minatory behaviors decisively. In this model, a malicious user will be kicked out from the network system and refused from accessing resources of the network automatically when the user's reputation is lower than some threshold.