Aims. The HIFI instrument onboard Herschel has allowed high spectral resolution and sensitive observations of ground-state transitions of three molecular ions: the methylidyne cation CH, its isotopologue 13CH+, and sulfanylium SH. Because of their unique chemical properties, a comparative analysis of these cations provides essential clues to the link between the chemistry and dynamics of the di...

There are 9000 species of birds in the world; this is a report on two of them, cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) Bird, 1999). We note the discrepancy in numbers to put into perspective the task of characterizing culture and social learning in 'birds " as a group. But as daunting as the task might sound, the diversity of behaviors and ecologies in birds offers a window o...

The spatial variation of soil physical and chemical properties in Funiu Mountain was studied to provide references for identifying soil spatial variation mechanism in bordering land of China warm temperate zone and northern subtropical region. Using vertical gradient sampling and traditional statistics method, the soil samples at the altitude from 1640 m to 1870 m were collected to compare phys...

Satellite-derived thermal information over urban areas offers and attractive and inexpensive method which have been utilized in diverse studies including land cover classification, energy flux interactions, and as input for models of urban surface atmosphere exchange. In this study, we utilize Landsat ETM+ imagery to analyze the dependence of energy fluxes on the urban surface properties in Yor...

Graphical representations for probabilistic relationships have recently received considerable attention in A1. Qualitative probabilistic networks abstract from the usual numeric representations by encoding only qualitative relationships, which are inequality constraints on the joint probability distribution over the variables. Although these constraints are insufficient to determine probabiliti...