Background: Longevity of basic medical sciences is a major concern of medical educators and physicians. It has been shown that different learning styles can affect the half-life of the material. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of partially tests during renal physiology course on "the student’s retention of renal physiology knowledge" and "knowledge loss" in pharmacy and medical students...

Total abstention from food and water from sunrise to sunset during the month of  Ramadan, is practiced by hundreds of millions of Muslims throughout the world. This pattern of fasting during Ramadan is different from the usual fasting as people are allowed to eat and drink between sunset and dawn but not after dawn. The amount and type of food (rich in protein, fat and sugar) eaten during the n...

total abstention from food and water from sunrise to sunset during the month of  ramadan, is practiced by hundreds of millions of muslims throughout the world. this pattern of fasting during ramadan is different from the usual fasting as people are allowed to eat and drink between sunset and dawn but not after dawn. the amount and type of food (rich in protein, fat and sugar) eaten during the n...

Long overlooked as the virtual compartment and then strictly characterized through descriptive morphologic analysis, the renal interstitium has finally been associated with function. With identification of interstitial reninand erythropoietin-producing cells, the most prominent endocrine functions of the kidney have now been attributed to the renal interstitium. This article reviews the functio...

Introduction: Teaching renal physiology for undergraduatemedical students in an understandable way using methods whichimprove their deep learning has always been a problem. In thisstudy, Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) was used in teaching renalphysiology for the second year medical students in Shiraz MedicalSchool. This article aims to introduce and develop this programand also measure the attit...

The kidney is composed of one million nephrons that function as a series of integrated units. The excretion of a wide range of natural and artificial compounds results from unselective filtration and specific reclamation of wanted substances. Active transport of weak acids and weak bases supplements this mechanism. In addition to its excretory function, the kidney has important endocrine and me...

importance of recalcification of lytic lesions as an indicator of progress against the systemic disease, the value of bone marrow biopsy, urinary hydroxyproline levels, or serial bone scans in monitoring various malignancies have yet to be worked out but are receiving attention in hospitals and laboratories worldwide. In short, the enormous amount of uncertainty about these widely separated iss...