Clostridium difficile toxin B and Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme caused comparable morphological alteration of CHO cells, which was accompanied by disaggregation of the microfilamental cytoskeleton. The cytotoxic effect of toxin B was correlated with a decrease in C3-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of the low-molecular-mass GTP-binding protein Rho, which is involved in the regulation of the acti...

Soluble factors from serum such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are thought to activate the small GTP-binding protein Rho based on their ability to induce actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in a Rho-dependent manner. Cell adhesion to extracellular matrices (ECM) has also been proposed to activate Rho, but this point has been controversial due to the difficulty of distinguishing changes in R...

The rho 2 subunit, a novel GABA receptor subunit, has been cloned from a human retinal complementary DNA library. This subunit shares 74% amino acid sequence identity with the rho 1 subunit that forms homooligomeric bicuculline-, barbiturate-, and benzodiazepine-insensitive GABA receptors. The rho 2 subunit also forms homooligomeric GABA-activated chloride channels when expressed in Xenopus ooc...

We have recently demonstrated that inhibition of Rho GTPase with Clostridium difficile toxin B, or with Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin, causes actin depolymerization and translocation of aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in renal CD8 cells in the absence of hormonal stimulation. Here we demonstrate that Rho inhibition is part of the signal transduction cascade activated by vasopressin leading to AQP2 insertio...

The laser confocal fluorescent microscope-based observation of contractile responses in green fluorescent protein-expressing differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells, combined with the RNA interference-mediated gene-silencing technique, allowed us to determine the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) class II -isoform (PI3K-C2 ) as a novel, Ca -dependent regulator of myosin light-chain p...

Abstract We study the mass spectra of D -wave excited tetraquark states with J^{PC}=1^{++} and 1^{+-} in both symmetric \mathbf{6}_{cs}\otimes\bar{\mathbf{6}}_{\bar{c}\bar{s}} antisymmetric \bar{\mathbf{3}}_{cs}\otimes\mathbf{3}_{\bar{c}\bar{s}} color configurations using QCD sum rule method. construct diquark-antidiquark type interpolating currents various excita...

We prove collision bounds for the Pollard rho algorithm to solve the discrete logarithm problem in a general cyclic group G. Unlike the setting studied by Kim et al., we consider additive walks: the setting used in practice to solve the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Our bounds differ from the birthday bound O. p jGj/ by a factor of p log jGj and are based on mixing time estimates f...

We prove that the relation $E_0(\rho, W^{-}) + E_0(\rho, W^{+}) \geq 2 E_0(\rho, W)$ holds for any binary input discrete memoryless channel $W$, and $\rho \geq 0$.

Macrophage/microglia with heterogonous phenotype and function under physiological and pathological conditions are the main cell lineage involved in inducing immune responses in neuroinflammatory diseases which exhibit combined inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. An increase in the expression of iNOS triggers M1 phenotype that secrete high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, whil...

Rho family GTPases play an essential role in cell motility, transducing extracellular signal to the actin cytoskeleton. This thesis presents the formulation and analysis of several models concerning three members of the Rho family: Cdc42, Rac, and Rho. Experimental observations of the spatio-temporal dynamics of these proteins give evidence of spatial polarization and mutual exclusion between C...