background and objectives. integrated weed management approaches can help to decline costs weed control and improve its condition. critical period of weed control (cpwc) is defined as the best time for weeding. if cpwc is recognized we can accurately use herbicides and prevent environmental pollutions. beginning and duration of cpwc despond on some agents such as crop and weed traits, environme...

We discuss the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) contribution to cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature fluctuations due to the coherent rotational velocity component of electrons within halos. For typical clusters of mass a few times 10 M , this rotational scattering effect produces a distinct dipole-like temperature distribution with a peak fluctuation of the order a few μK, depending on...