The main goal of a Life cycle analysis —LCA— (in this particular case) is to study the environmental impacts current Colombian Biofuels: sugarcane–based ethanol (EtOH), and palm oil-based biodiesel. This involves studying their complete life cycle, comparison with reference fossil fuels used in Colombia (regular gasoline diesel fuel). Furthermore, LCA seeks identify optimization potential for b...

Urbanism directly affects the hydrological cycle. One of the ways to manage runoffs in urban areas that is considered nowadays is green roof creation. Green roof is mainly created in humid and semi-humid areas, and efficiency of green roofs in arid and semi-arid areas has attracted less attention. In the current study, to evaluate the effect of green roof in arid and semi-arid to reduce runoff,...

A semi strong outer mod sum labeling of a graph G is an injective mapping f : V (G) → Z+ with an additional property that for each vertex v of G, there exist vertices w1, w2 in V (G) such that f(w1) = ∑ u∈N(v) f(u) and f(v) = ∑ u∈N(w2) f(u), where both the sums are taken under addition modulo m for some positive integer m. A graph G which admits a semi strong outer mod sum labeling is called a ...

Highway construction works have significant bearings on all aspects of sustainability. With the increasing level of public awareness and government regulatory measures, the construction industry is experiencing a cultural shift to recognise, embrace and pursue sustainability. Stakeholders are now keen to identify sustainable alternatives and the financial implications of including them on a lif...

Temperature trends in the UTLS region are under-reported, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere, and yet temperature is one of the most important indicators of changes in dynamical and radiative processes in the atmosphere. Here radiosonde data from Durban, South Africa (30.0 S, 30.9 E) over the period 1980 to 2001 (22 years) between 250 and 20 hPa are used to derive a mean temperature climat...

semi-regular locales are extensions of the classical semiregularspaces. we investigate the conditions such that semi-regularizationis a functor. we also investigate the conditions such that semi-regularizationis a reflection or coreflection.

Cosmic ray daily variation is directly related with changes in interplanetary conditions. The significant and systematic deviations in the amplitude and phase of the diurnal, semi-diurnal variation of cosmic rays from the average values is due to strong geomagnetic and solar activity. The amplitudes and phases (time of maxima) of first two harmonics of cosmic ray daily variation show 11/22 year...

I propose that the mechanism behind the formation of concentric semi-periodic shells found in several planetary nebulae (PNs) and proto-PNs, and around one asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, is a solar-like magnetic activity cycle in the progenitor AGB stars. The time intervals between consecutive ejection events is ∼ 200 − 1, 000 yrs, which is assumed to be the cycle period (the full magnetic...