Collection of appropriate qualitative and quantitative data is necessary for proper management and planning. Used the suitable inventory methods is necessary and accuracy of sampling methods dependent the inventory net and number of sample point. Nearest neighbor sampling method is a one of distance methods and calculated by three equations (Byth and Riple, 1980; Cotam and Curtis, 1956 and Cota...

in the analysis of spatial point patterns, complete spatial randomness (csr) hypothesis,which is a restriction of a homogenous poisson process to study region a, operates as a dividinghypothesis between “regular” and “aggregated” patterns. meanwhile, many alternatives to csr inaggregated patterns are extensions of homogenous poisson processes themselves. therefore, when thecsr hypothesis is rej...

seasonal activity and spatial distribution of eoteranychus frosti mcgregor, tydeus longisetosus (elbagouy and momen) and zetzellia mali ewing were studied during 9th july to 22th october 2006 in an unsprayed apple orchard, maragheh region, northwest of iran. also the density dependence interaction between preys and predator was assessed. to estimate the spatial distribution pattern of these spe...

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of redundant and relevant visual cues on spatial pattern learning. Rats searched for hidden food items on the tops of poles that formed a square (Experiment 1) or a checkerboard (Experiment 2) pattern. The experimental groups were trained with visual cues that specified the locations of the baited poles. All groups were tested without visual...

land-use spatial allocation is a multi-objective collaborative spatial optimization methodfor rational use of the land use. based on global search capabilities and the information feedbackmechanism of ant colony optimization (aco), a land-use spatial allocation model (aco-la) isproposed. firstlyfirst, a construction graph is built for modeling the land-use spatial allocationproblem. secondlysec...