background: many microorganisms in midgut of mosquito challenge with their host and also other pathogens pre­sent in midgut. the aim of this study was presence of non-pathogens microorganisms like fungal flora which may be cru­cial on interaction between vectors and pathogens. } methods: different populations of anopheles stephensi were reared in insectary and objected to determine fungal flora...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Culex gelidus mosquito, an important vector of Japanese encephalitis virus, has shown to transmit West Nile virus (WNV), Kunjin and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses experimentally. An attempt was, therefore, made to study the replication kinetics and vector competence of an Indian strain of Cx. gelidus to WNV. METHODS Mosquitoes were infected by both intrathoracic in...

Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during times of past abrupt climate change may help us better understand climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. Previous ice core studies reveal simultaneous increases in atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature during times when Greenland and the northern hemisphere experienced very long, cold stadial conditions during the last ice age. Whether this relationship ext...

The early last glacial termination was characterized by intense North Atlantic cooling and weak overturning circulation. This interval between ~18,000 and 14,600 years ago, known as Heinrich Stadial 1, was accompanied by a disruption of global climate and has been suggested as a key factor for the termination. However, the response of interannual climate variability in the tropical Pacific (El ...

We present a coupled global climate model (CGCM) simulation, integrated for 1500 yr to quasiequilibrium, of a stadial (cold period) within Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3). The simulated Greenland stadial 12 (GS12; ∼44 ka BP) annual global mean surface temperature (Ts) is 5.5 C lower than in the simulated recent past (RP) climate and 1.3 C higher than in the simulated Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 2...

Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1) was the last of a long series of severe cooling episodes in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial period. Numerous North Atlantic and European records reveal the intense environmental impact of that stadial, whose origin is attributed to an intense weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in response to freshening of the North Atlantic. R...

Today's Sargasso Sea is nutrient starved, except for episodic upwelling events caused by wind-driven winter mixing and eddies. Enhanced diatom opal burial in Sargasso Sea sediments indicates that silicic acid, a limiting nutrient today, may have been more available in subsurface waters during Heinrich Stadials, millennial-scale climate perturbations of the last glacial and deglaciation. Here we...