This article extensively reviews published research on inclusions in ingot steel and defects on ingot products, methods to measure and detect inclusions in steel, the causes of exogenous inclusions, and the transport and entrapment of inclusions during fluid flow, segregation, and solidification of steel cast in ingot molds. Exogenous inclusions in ingots originate mainly from reoxidation of th...

K. Nowacki, P. Musiał, T. Lis Silesian University of Technology, Department of Metallurgy, Katowice, Poland Acoustic steel processing in an ingot mould may be the fi nal stage in the process of quality improvement of a steel ingot. The impact of radiation and cavitation pressure as well as the phenomena related to the acoustic wave being emitted and delivered to liquid steel aff ect various asp...

It is nowadays generally accepted that controlling the tapping temperature of steel by immersion pyrometry is an important means of improving steel quality. Broadly speaking, if the steel is too hot when tapped the ingots tend to crack, and if too cool they tend to suffer from “shell” on the surface and non-metallic inclusions beneath. From this point of view it is now simply a question of esta...

The effects of ultrasonic treatment (UST) on the solidification microstructure of a 35CrMo steel cast ingot were investigated. To avoid the erosion of a high-temperature melt, a T-shaped ultrasonic waveguide unit was used to introduce ultrasonic vibrations into a 35CrMo steel die casting melt. The experimental results show that the microstructure of the ingot was refined by ultrasonic treatment...

The ingot formation or “melt” process is the first step in many steel making operations. This process involves melting steel and alloys for desired chemical composition, then pouring it into a variety of ingot molds. Complex technological and resource constraints can make the planning and scheduling of such processes extremely challenging. In this paper, we report our experience in developing s...

segregates. Although good agreement with experiments was MACROSEGREGATION in large steel ingots is one achieved, the model relied on many approximations (such of the most well-known and now classical problems in the as estimating the flow velocities). It should also be menfield of solidification and casting.[1] It arises from the relative tioned that many models have appeared in the literature ...

G. W. Ao, M. G. Shen, Z. S. Zhang, B. L. Li: College of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan City, China Hollow side wall insulation mathematical model of unidirectional solidification temperature field was carried out. With the aid of finite element analysis software ProCAST, directionally solidified ingot temperature field with hollow lateral wall in...

Introduction Ingot products account for 8.3% of the total crude steel produced in the world. It is produced either by top pouring or bottom pouring of the liquid in the moulds. The increasing demand for quality steels led to the evolution of bottom pouring technology for casting of steel ingots. This process constitutes of a set up involving pouring sprue and runner system to deliver liquid ste...

This paper studied effects of ultrasonic treatment during the solidification process on structure formation of low carbon steel. Results showed that with ultrasonic treatment grains were refined and the steel ingot avoided the cast widmanstatten structure. When ultrasonic treatment was employed, pearlite was broken and the average length of pearlite was decreased from 550mm to 140mm. The corres...

The transport of fluid, heat ,and particles (bubbles and solid inclusions) in flowing molten steel is investigated in steel refining ladles, the continuous casting tundish, continuous casting mold and strand, and steel ingot casting processes. The two-equation k-ε model is used to simulate the turbulence. Multiphase fluid flow is numerically simulated with a Lagrangian-Eulerian approach, an Eul...