................................................................................................................... IV APPENDED PAPERS .................................................................................................... VI RELATED PUBLICATIONS........................................................................................ VII TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................

smelting of hammerable iron and its treatment in antiquity and Medieval produced also by-product: slag. Because of small yields of iron the process produced only small amounts of slag that did not attract attention of smelters concerning its possible use. the use of slag pieces was only accidental. a lot of slag pieces and blocks from slag pit shaft furnaces were used as a material for mound bu...

A considerable amount of mill scale is generated from steelmaking plants annually. Although some industries use it as raw material however, since it contains iron in the form of FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, it can be considered as a valuable metallurgical raw material for iron and steelmaking industry as well. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility, efficiency, and consequences o...

Modern trends in iron metallurgy. Global carbon emissions from iron production. New solution for iron and steelmaking in a way reduce the CO2 emission to the level, where this might be needed in the post Kyoto period. New blast furnace technology, which operate with very low CO2 emissions based on drastically reduced consumption of carbon containing input materials. Injection of reducing gases ...

In modern steelmaking the duration of a working campaign for a blast furnace is related to the life of the crucible. Adding titanium oxide has been a frequent practice in the operation routines for modern blast furnaces, seeking the protection of the crucible walls, independently from its physical or chemical characteristics. These practices, as conventional operation of iron and steelmaking in...

This paper illustrates how systems requirements (i.e., safety) are decomposed to define manufacturing process requirements and design. Steelmaking is an energy intensive process; utilizing vast amounts of electricity, oxygen, and natural gas to liquefy scrap steel. While the electric arc furnace process is used extensively around the world to melt steel, it is inefficient. Hot gases are lost to...

This paper describes the adsorption of two organic (acetic and citric) acids on the blast furnace sludge, a representative by-product of the steelmaking industry. By PIXE, XRD, BET and SEM methods, it was shown that blast furnace sludge is a complex heterogeneous material with a specific surface area of s = 31.46 m g, composed mainly of amorphous phase (w = 76.2 %), calcite (w = 9.9 %), magneti...

This paper will define the slag compositions required to obtain and control optimum foamy slag conditions in the Electric Furnace. In defining the optimal slags, consideration is given to the effects of scrap quality, carbon injection, slag basicity and MgO content. A computer model based on published phase-diagrams has been developed which graphically maps the chemistries for optimal foaming c...