Structural equation modelling (SEM) is a statistical technique for testing and estimating causal relations using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions [1]– [3]. SEM allows for both confirmatory and exploratory modeling. In exploratory modeling one starts with the specification of a hypothesis, which is tested against measurements by measuring how well the model fi...

some believe that there is always a link between happiness and an individual health. this paper addresses a research question as: how does a leader’s spiritual beliefs and spiritual practices affects on happiness as perceived by ones followers. in this study, it was constructed an original model to carry out a research analysis at some universities in isfahan. the main objective of the research...

Because structural equation modeling (SEM) has become a very popular data-analytic technique, it is important for clinical scientists to have a balanced perception of its strengths and limitations. We review several strengths of SEM, with a particular focus on recent innovations (e.g., latent growth modeling, multilevel SEM models, and approaches for dealing with missing data and with violation...

Structural equation modeling (SEM) has become increasingly popular in counseling, psychology, and rehabilitation research. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the basic concepts and applications of SEM in rehabilitation counseling research using the AMOS statistical software program. Fong Chan University of Wisconsin– Madison Gloria K. Lee University at Buffalo–SUNY Eun-Jeo...

Psychological research typically involves the analysis of data (e.g., questionnaire responses, records of behavior) using statistical methods. The description of how those methods are used and the results they produce is a key component of scholarly publications. Despite their importance, these descriptions are not always complete and clear. In order to ensure the completeness and clarity of th...

During the last two decades, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) has evolved from a statistical technique for insiders to an established valuable tool for a broad scientific public. This class of analyses has much to offer, but at what price? This paper provides an overview on SEM, its underlying ideas, potential applications and current software. Furthermore, it discusses avoidable pitfalls as ...

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a statistical approach to testing hypothesis about the relationships among observed and latent variables. The use of SEM in research has increased in psychology, sociology, and economics in recent years. In particular educational researchers try to obtain the complete image of the process of education through the measurement of personality differences, lear...

262 1 Longitudinal studies provide important sources of information when investigating how differences in various national and regional school policies, practices and compositional characteristics relate to differences in student achievement over a period of time. Therefore, it is not surprising that the use of growth modeling techniques in educational fields has rapidly increased. Recent years...