two polygonal biogenic sedimentary rare structures of koilosoma (hitchcock 1858) have been found due to neoichnology of the abhar-rud river fluvial sediments, northwest iran. one of them is polygon holes, with about one square meter area. polygons are same in size and depth, and are hexagonal in shape. they have distinct boundaries like the honeycomb. this sample is like the reported specimens ...

Engineers can learn from nature for inspirations to create new designs. The internal structure of lotus roots with several oval holes was studied in this paper for engineering inspirations. The structural performance of lotus roots under outside water pressure was simulated and compared with various cross-sectional areas. The distribution of stresses in the cross-sectional area of lotus roots w...

Remediation methods and strength predictions were evaluated for wood I-joists with single, circular holes in the webs, leaving utilities in place. A full-scale bending test using four equally spaced point loads was applied to three depths of joists with varying flange widths and span lengths of 4.88 and 2.44 m. Failure modes for long-span joists without holes were in the flanges in tension, com...

Belowground proprietary stormwater treatment devices can produce mosquitoes, including vectors of West Nile virus. Elimination of vertical entry points such as pick holes in manhole covers may reduce the number of mosquitoes entering and reproducing in these structures. Plastic manhole dish inserts were evaluated as structural barriers against mosquito entry through pick holes in a simulated st...