since lean concept has appeared many works have been done on decreasing or even eliminating of wastes such as extra inventory. although these studies have not taken into account expected availability seriously. so in this paper, a multiple objective decision making (modm) model has been developed by viewpoint of these subjects. they are decreasing wastes and increasing system availability. wast...

Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our chief organi...

although american health policy debates address similar problems to other developed nations, it has factual and ideological specificities. i agree with chinitz and rodwin on the dominance of micro-economics thinking. however, i am not certain that learning from management theory or modifying medical education will be powerful enough to change the system. the vested interests of the stakeholders...

Standardized processes are being used to address three issues in engineering today: increasing system complexity; shifting demographics; and longer development cycles that result in a dearth of experiential learning for young engineers. There is obvious value in having engineers who can see the big picture and effectively broker design tradeoffs: engineers capable of systems thinking. However, ...

BACKGROUND With the increasing popularity of e-learning programs, educational stakeholders are attempting to promote critical thinking in the virtual education system. This study aimed to explore the experiences of both the instructors and the students about critical thinking promotion within the virtual education system. METHODS This qualitative study recruited the instructors and students f...

Chaordic Systems Thinking (CST) is a framework that uses chaos as a lens and as a metaphor for change. CST is developed as a successor of Open Systems Thinking (OST) [5] [6]. Its basic terms and concepts are described below. Complexity is defined neither as a theory, nor as a lens, but rather as one – among many – characteristics of whole systems [3]. We take this position as point of departure...

Since lean concept has appeared many works have been done on decreasing or even eliminating of wastes such as extra inventory. Although these studies have not taken into account expected availability seriously. So in this paper, a Multiple Objective Decision Making (MODM) model has been developed by viewpoint of these subjects. They are decreasing wastes and increasing system availability. Wast...