The N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domain has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for defense signaling in the model plants flax and Arabidopsis. In examples from these organisms, TIR domain self-association is required for signaling function, albeit through distinct interfaces. Here, we investigate these properties in the TIR domain containing resist...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare SIAPEC-IAP-based cytological reports with their corresponding histological diagnoses to establish when thyroidectomy is the right choice in the management of thyroid diseases. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective review of all the consecutive thyroidectomies/lobectomies performed at Maria Vittoria Hospital during the 10-year period between Janua...

Myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) and MyD88 adaptor-like (Mal) are adaptor molecules critically involved in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathway. While Mal has been proposed to serve as a membrane-sorting adaptor, MyD88 mediates signal transduction from activated TLR4 to downstream components. The Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of MyD88 is responsible for sorting a...

MyD88 adaptor-like protein (Mal) is a crucial adaptor that acts as a bridge to recruit the MyD88 molecule to activated TLR4 receptors in response to invading pathogens. The specific assembly of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of TLR4, Mal and MyD88 is responsible for proper signal transduction in the TLR4 signaling pathway. However, the molecular mechanism for the specificity of t...

We present an attempt at a coherent vision of an end-to-end translingual information retrieval system. We begin by presenting a sample of the broad range of possibilities, and the results of some initial work comparing the diierent approaches. We then present an overall workstation architecture, followed by two possible approaches to the actual translingual IR stage presented in detail. Ranking...

Tir of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) or enterohemorrahgic E. coil (EHEC) is translocated by a type III secretion system to the host cell membranes where it serves as a receptor for the binding of a second bacterial membrane protein. In response to the binding, EPEC Tir is phosphorylated at Tyr474, and this phosphorylation is necessary for the signaling of pedestal formation. Tir of E...

INTRODUCTION Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and increased glucose variability are independently associated with increased risk of death in critically ill adults. The relationship between time in targeted blood glucose range (TIR) and mortality is not well described and may be a factor that has confounded the results of the major interventional trials of intensive insulin therapy. METHODS We cond...

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulates innate immune responses in evolutionarily diverse species. We have previously shown that the Caenorhabditis elegans p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, PMK-1, functions in an innate immune response pathway that mediates resistance to a variety of microbial pathogens. Here, we show that tir-1, a gene encoding a highly conserved Toll/IL...

A stochastic lateral signaling interaction between two developing Caenorhabditis elegans AWC olfactory neurons causes them to take on asymmetric patterns of odorant receptor expression, called AWC(OFF) and AWC(ON). Here we show that the AWC lateral signaling gene tir-1 (previously known as nsy-2) encodes a conserved post-synaptic protein that specifies the choice between AWC(OFF) and AWC(ON). G...