Intimin, Tir, and EspA proteins are expressed by attaching-effacing Escherichia coli, which include enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli pathotypes. EspA proteins are part of the type three secretion system needle complex that delivers Tir to the host epithelial cell, while surface arrayed intimin docks the bacterium to the translocated Tir. This intimate attachment leads to attaching...

Thermal infrared (TIR) images of the building hull are often used for detecting damaged and weak spots in the insulation of the building hull. However, imaging and manually analysing each face is very time consuming. This process can be carried out more efficiently using a mobile mapping system (MMS) equipped with a TIR video camera. Frontal façades of the buildings which are visible from stree...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise invading pathogens and initiate an innate immune response by recruiting intracellular adaptor proteins via heterotypic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain interactions. Of the five TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins identified, Sterile α- and armadillo-motif-containing protein (SARM) is functionally unique; suppressing immune signalling instead of p...

Upon recognition of pathogen virulence effectors, plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins induce defense responses including localized host cell death. In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to this response, we examined the Arabidopsis thaliana NLR protein RECOGNITION OF PERONOSPORA PARASITICA1 (RPP1), which recognizes the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis...

Transposable elements are widely distributed and diverse in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, as exemplified by DNA transposons. As a result, they represent a considerable source of genomic variation, for example through ectopic (i.e. non-allelic homologous) recombination events between transposable element copies, resulting in genomic rearrangements. Ectopic recombination may also take place be...

To analyse the surface- or interface-specific molecular structure of a condensed molecular system, it is important to measure the spectra of molecules near the surface. Total internal reflection (TIR) Raman spectroscopy is a sensitive technique for surface or interfacial analysis because it retrieves spectra in the region within ca. 100 nm of a surface. However, since the width of the interface...

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are important human pathogens, causing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans. E. coliO157:H7 is the most common serotype associated with EHEC infections worldwide, although other non-O157 serotypes cause life-threatening infections. Cattle are a main reservoir of EHEC and intervention strategies aimed at limiting EHEC excretion fr...

In this article we propose a shooting algorithm for a class of optimal control problems for which all control variables appear linearly. The shooting system has, in the general case, more equations than unknowns and the Gauss-Newton method is used to compute a zero of the shooting function. This shooting algorithm is locally quadratically convergent if the derivative of the shooting function is...