Detection of pathogens by plants is mediated by intracellular nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptor proteins. NLR proteins are defined by their stereotypical multidomain structure: an N-terminal Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR) or coiled-coil (CC) domain, a central nucleotide-binding (NB) domain, and a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR). The plant innate immune system cont...

Thermal infrared (TIR) pedestrian tracking is one of the most important components in numerous applications of computer vision, which has a major advantage: it can track the pedestrians in total darkness. How to evaluate the TIR pedestrian tracker fairly on a benchmark dataset is significant for the development of this field. However, there is no a benchmark dataset. In this paper, we develop a...

The Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domains are crucial signaling modules during innate immune responses involving the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R). Myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88) is a central TIR domain-containing adapter molecule responsible for nearly all TLR-mediated signaling and is targeted by a TIR domain-containing protein C (TcpC) from virulent uropathogenic Es...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) are key components of the innate immune system activated by microbial infections and inflammation. The signaling cascade from agonist-occupied TLRs and IL-1Rs involves recruitment of the small cytosolic adapter protein MyD88 that binds to IL-1RI via homotypic interactions mediated by Toll/IL-1R/resistance (TIR) domains. Dominant n...

Metnase (SETMAR) is a SET and transposase fusion protein that promotes in vivo end joining activity and mediates genomic integration of foreign DNA. Recent studies showed that Metnase retained most of the transposase activities, including 5'-terminal inverted repeat (TIR)-specific binding and assembly of a paired end complex, and cleavage of the 5'-end of the TIR element. Here we show that R432...

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) disease depends on the transfer of effector proteins into epithelia lining the human small intestine. EPEC E2348/69 has at least 20 effector genes of which six are located with the effector-delivery system genes on the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) Pathogenicity Island. Our previous work implied that non-LEE-encoded (Nle) effectors possess functio...

Upon intestinal colonization, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) induces epithelial cells to generate actin "pedestals" beneath bound bacteria, lesions that promote colonization. To induce pedestals, EHEC utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate into the mammalian cell bacterial effectors such as translocated intimin receptor (Tir), which localizes in the mammalian cell membra...

Upon infection of mammalian cells, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 utilizes a type III secretion system to translocate the effectors Tir and EspF(U) (aka TccP) that trigger the formation of F-actin-rich 'pedestals' beneath bound bacteria. EspF(U) is localized to the plasma membrane by Tir and binds the nucleation-promoting factor N-WASP, which in turn activates the Arp2/3 actin assembl...

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is the causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. However, the bacterium can colonize the intestines of ruminants without causing clinical signs. EHEC O157:H7 needs flagella (H7) and hemorrhagic coli pili (HCP) to adhere to epithelial cells. Then the bacterium uses the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) and ...

Sry, a single-copy gene on the Y-chromosome, triggers the fetal gonad to begin testis differentiation in mammals. On the other hand, mutation or absence of Sry results in ovary differentiation and the female phenotype. However, cases of XY sex reversal in the presence of wild-type Sry exist in mice and man. One such example is the B6-Y(TIR) mouse, whose autosomes and X-chromosome are from the C...