The toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in glial cells and reacts to potential toxic entities. This activation triggers various inflammatory reactions. (+)-Naloxone and (+)naltrexone, dextrorotatory enantiomers of opioid receptor antagonists [respectively, (−)naloxone and (−)-naltrexone], have been demonstrated to dock to TLR4 using “in-silico ” models, and function as an antagonist at thi...

AIMS The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans could stimulate arginase activity in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells). METHODS RAW264.7 cells were treated with A. actinomycetemcomitans-lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli for 24 h. The effect of polymyxin B, l-norvaline, dl-n...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated in inflammation-induced bone destruction in various chronic bone diseases; however, its direct influence on bone healing is not well understood. The authors' previous study showed accelerated bone healing with higher osteoclastogenesis gene expression in toll-like receptor 4 knockout mice (TLR4). This study aimed to further elucidate th...

BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Importantly, recent preclinical studies are now suggesting a specific contribution of inflammation to the α-synuclein-induced pathology seen in this condition. METHODS We used flow cytometry and western blots to detect toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in blood and brain samp...