OBJECTIVE To develop differential criteria on the tongue coating thickness (TCT), and especially propose the standard for judgment on thin and thick coating in tongue diagnosis. METHODS Sixty oriental medical doctors evaluated the TCT (none, thin, and thick coating) in 50 realistic tongue photographs revealing from tip-to-root. The photographs were obtained with a digital tongue imaging syste...

an unusual occurrence of actinobacillosis was diagnosed in 4 heifers aged 8-15 months and 2 cattle in a dairy herd with 190 iranian holstein breed. anorexia, dysphagia, drooling of normal or foodtinged saliva and presence of warts-like lesions on the dorsal surface of tongue shaft were observed in a 15-month-old heifer without showing protrusion of tongue or presenting woody tongue and no invol...

background: morphine consumption during pregnancy could lead to defect and delay in nervous system development in the embryos. in the present study, development of the tongue of embryos whom their mothers received oral morphine during pregnancy have been studied. methods: female wistar rats (200-220 g) after pregnancy were divided randomly into the experimental and control groups. the control g...

introduction: metastatic lesions of the oral cavity are extremely rare, accounting for approximately 1% of all malignant oral tumors. the most common primary sources of metastatic tumors in the oral region are, from the most to the least common, the breast, lung, kidney, bone, and colon. renal cell carcinoma accounts for nearly 3% of all adult malignancies. it usually metastasizes to the lungs,...

OBJECTIVE The authors hypothesize that floor-of-mouth and tongue base anatomy can be visualized with ultrasound and that ultrasound can be used to accurately guide needle placement and dye injection into the tongue base, serving as a surrogate for fine-needle aspiration. STUDY DESIGN Observation of experimental intervention. SETTING Medical school cadaver anatomy laboratory. SUBJECTS AND ...

OBJECTIVE To describe a classification of microcystic lymphatic malformations of the tongue and to investigate different treatment methods. DESIGN Retrospective review of patients treated for microcystic lymphatic malformations of the tongue. Lymphatic malformations were classified into the following 4 groups according to their extent: isolated superficial microcystic lymphatic malformations ...

OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) in head and neck occurs when the treating clinicians have utilised all available diagnostic tests and failed to identify the origin of the disease. There is no agreed consensus on which diagnostic investigations to use, or the order in which to use them in, although broad recommendations exist. Small tumours arising in the tongue base ...

Tongue acupuncture is a technique that treats illness through acupuncture applied to the tongue. This study was designed to assess its therapeutic effects in the treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. A clinical control study was conducted with randomly selected 180 patients with post-stroke dysphagia. The patients were assigned into 2 groups: 90 in the Tongue acupuncture group received tongue acu...